谈高校院系资料室与图书馆文献资源的共享——以新疆农业大学为例

通过对高校图书馆与资料室系统内进行文献资源协调的迫切性和可行性分析,并根据新疆农业大学院图书馆和院系资料室现有资源与服务现状的调查分析,阐明了校内文献资源共享的必要性,并提出了建立校内文献资源共享机制的建议。     

粤北石漠化地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

据2005年10月的野外调查及对TM卫星影像解译分析结果,研究了粤北不同程度的石漠化地区、不同利用类型土地的¹³⁷Cs区域分布以及土壤侵蚀速率特征。结果表明:粤北石漠化地区土壤¹³⁷Cs活度的平均值为(6.54±0.57) Bq·kg^-1,土壤中¹³⁷Cs水平随石漠化程度增加有先降低然后升高的趋势,表明在重度石漠化阶段,过高的基岩裸露率导致其周围土壤对¹³⁷Cs的集中吸附,¹³⁷Cs在某些沉积小环境内逐渐富集。研究区¹³⁷Cs背景值为(1 433.60±131.40) Bq·m^-2,低于北半球的平均值,¹³⁷Cs剖面分布基本符合指数分布,最高值出现在2~4 cm深度范围内。在轻度、中度石漠化地区,非耕作土壤侵蚀速率的平均值分别为1 369.0、1 833.5 t·km^-2·a^-1;耕作土壤侵蚀速率远高于非耕作土壤,坡度对土壤侵蚀影响非常明显。     

北方常用草坪草的蒸散量差异及耗水性评价

对不同供水条件下,草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、野牛草、结缕草和狗牙根整个生长季的蒸散量差异进行研究.结果表明,草坪蒸散主要与草坪本身的生物学特性有关,同时与水分条件也密切相关.另外,根据测定结果估测了理论补水量,并通过计算坪草系数Kc,与北方常用作物的耗水量进行了比较.     

Development and practical test of a weighable groundwater lysimeter for floodplain sites

Presently, the soil water balance of flood‐influenced soils in fluvial plains is insufficiently described. The new development of a weighable groundwater lysimeter is the basis for recording the water‐balance components precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, capillary rise, and interaction with the water course. Soil‐hydrologic measuring setups at two floodplain sites of the Elbe river serve for direct comparability of lysimeter measurements with data obtained on site. A groundwater control was designed for lysimeters that automatically adjusts the current groundwater level at the floodplain measuring setups and quantifies inflow into or outflow from the lysimeter. It turned out that the lysimeter developed is capable of identifying the individual water‐balance quantities at high accuracy. Contrary to previous assumptions, it was possible to prove groundwater recharge for the floodplain sites.     

干旱缺水地区森林植被蒸散耗水研究

 系统总结近年来在宁夏固原六盘山、北京延庆等干旱缺水地区进行的森林植被蒸散耗水研究结果。乔、灌、草作为土壤水分限制型生态系统的坡面植被,蒸散都是水分平衡的最大分项,其中植被蒸腾又是蒸散的最大分项。植被蒸散量一般表现为高大乔木林>亚乔木林>灌木林>自然草地,但人工草地>自然草地。可依坡面产水功能将不同植被分类,自然草地和灌丛为水源生产型,亚乔木林为水源平衡型,高大乔木林和人工草地为水源消耗型。植株密度不是坡面植被蒸散大小的决定性因子,其作用更多的是调控蒸腾量及其占蒸散比例。虽然降低植株密度一般会减小蒸散,但并不是相同比例地线性下降,不同植被类型反应也不一样,表现出降低密度减少蒸散的作用从乔木、亚乔木到灌木而变弱的趋势,降低密度减少蒸散的作用是有限的。对降低密度减少蒸散的作用大小,作为调控措施的有效性,有效的密度调控范围等,还需严格的对比实验和理论研究。估计和评价植被蒸散耗水时,用叶面积指数或叶生长量指标可能比密度更符合生物学逻辑。从在干旱缺水地区建立节水、稳定、高效、多功能的坡面植被的角度而言,草地和灌丛的蒸散低于乔木林,建立稀树草原或稀树灌丛式的植被可能更利于流域产水和植被稳定。从小流域管理的角度而言,还需考虑在土壤水分承载力空间差异的基础上,探讨能兼顾产水功能、水土保持、水源涵养、植被稳定的植被空间优化配置的理论和技术。     

Harmonisation, standardisation for soil and sediment fractionation studies, and usefulness in assessment and risk management

Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation (consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation) as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects.     

温室封闭式栽培自适应灌溉方法

为了改进和提高温室封闭式栽培精细灌溉控制方法,针对利用Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式和传感器数据信息相结合进行灌溉控制中因为涉及参数较多而使用不便、需要近似计算导致建立的作物蒸腾模型精度不够等问题,该文根据封闭式栽培可以回收并循环利用多余灌溉水的特点,利用灌溉量与排出量的差值和温室小气候环境数据建立相对精确的作物蒸腾量计算模型,并在此基础上利用人工神经网络算法实现了温室封闭式栽培自适应灌溉控制,结果表明,在10 d内灌溉用水量为实际蒸腾量的97.8%,基本实现了按照作物需水量进行灌溉。研究对于实现按照作物蒸腾量进行准确的水分供给、节约灌溉用水量、提高水分利用效率具有一定的现实意义。     

个人文献管理软件在科研工作中的应用

介绍了NoteExpress文献管理软件在个人科研工作分项管理方面的强大功能,以期广大科研工作者能够灵活运用NoteExpress管理个人的电子文献,提高文献管理和利用的效率,并能将更多的精力投入到研究课题中去。这对科研工作者提高科研和论文工作效率有着非常重要的实用意义。     

Corn crop response under managing different irrigation and salinity levels

Non-uniformity of water distribution under irrigation system creates both deficit and surplus irrigation areas. Water salinity can be hazard on crop production; however, there is little information on the interaction of irrigation and salinity conditions on corn (Zea Mays) growth and production. This study evaluated the effect of salinity and irrigation levels on growth and yield of corn grown in the arid area of Egypt. A field experiment was conducted using corn grown in northern Egypt at Quesina, Menofia in 2009 summer season to evaluate amount of water applied, salinity hazard and their interactions. Three salinity levels and five irrigation treatments were arranged in a randomized split-plot design with salinity treatments as main plots and irrigation rates within salinity treatments. Salinity treatments were to apply fresh water (0.89 dS m⁻¹), saline water (4.73 dS m⁻¹), or mixing fresh plus saline water (2.81 dS m⁻¹). Irrigation treatments were a ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET) as: 0.6ET, 0.8ET, 1.0ET, 1.2ET, and 1.4ET. In well-watered conditions (1.0ET), seasonal water usable by corn was 453, 423, and 380 mm for 0.89EC, 2.81EC and 4.73EC over the 122-day growing season, respectively. Soil salt accumulation was significantly increased by either irrigation salinity increase or amount decrease. But, soil infiltration was significantly decreased by either salinity level or its interaction with irrigation amount. Leaf temperature, transpiration rate, and stomata resistance were significantly affected by both irrigation and salinity levels with interaction. Leaf area index, harvest index, and yield were the greatest when fresh and adequate irrigation was applied. Grain yield was significantly affected in a linear relationship (r² ≥ 0.95) by either irrigation or salinity conditions with no interaction. An optimal irrigation scheduling was statistically developed based on crop response for a given salinity level to extrapolate data from the small experiment (uniform condition) to big field (non-uniformity condition) under the experiment constraints.     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.